A general spline representation for nonparametric and semiparametric density estimates using diffeomorphisms

A theorem of McCann [15] shows that for any two absolutely continuous probability measures on Rd there exists a monotone transformation sending one probability measure to the other. A consequence of this theorem, relevant to statistics, is that density estimation can be recast in terms of transformations. In particular, one can fix any absolutely continuous probability measure, call it P, and then reparameterize the whole class of absolutely continuous probability measures as monotone transformations from P. In this paper we utilize this reparameterization of densities, as monotone transformations from some P, to construct semiparametric and nonparametric density estimates. We focus our attention on classes of transformations, developed in the image processing and computational anatomy literature, which are smooth, invertible and which have attractive computational properties. The techniques developed for this class of transformations allow us to show that a penalized maximum likelihood estimate (PMLE) of a smooth transformation from P exists and has a finite dimensional characterization, similar to those results found in the spline literature. These results are derived utilizing an Euler-Lagrange characterization of the PMLE which also establishes a surprising connection to a generalization of Stein’s lemma for characterizing the normal distribution.